Nginx 0.7.x + PHP 5.2.8（FastCGI）搭建胜过Apache十倍的Web服务
[文章作者：张宴 本文版本：v4.12 最后修改：2009.01.17 转载请注明原文链接：http://blog.s135.com/post/366.htm]前言：本文是我撰写的关于搭建“Nginx + PHP（FastCGI）”Web服务器的第4篇文章。本系列文章作为国内最早详细介绍 Nginx + PHP 安装、配置、使用的资料之一，为推动 Nginx 在国内的发展产生了积极的作用。这是一篇关于Nginx 0.7.x系列版本的文章，安装、配置方式与第3篇文章相差不大，但配置参数有不同。Nginx 0.7.x系列版本虽然为开发版，但在很多大型网站的生产环境中已经使用。
链接：《2007年9月的第1版》、《2007年12月的第2版》、《2008年6月的第3版》
Nginx ("engine x") 是一个高性能的 HTTP 和反向代理服务器，也是一个 IMAP/POP3/SMTP 代理服务器。 Nginx 是由 Igor Sysoev 为俄罗斯访问量第二的 Rambler.ru 站点开发的，它已经在该站点运行超过两年半了。Igor 将源代码以类BSD许可证的形式发布。
Nginx 超越 Apache 的高性能和稳定性，使得国内使用 Nginx 作为 Web 服务器的网站也越来越多，其中包括新浪博客、新浪播客、网易新闻等门户网站频道，六间房、56.com等视频分享网站，Discuz!官方论坛、水木社区等知名论坛，豆瓣、YUPOO相册、海内SNS、迅雷在线等新兴Web 2.0网站。
Nginx 的官方中文维基：http://wiki.codemongers.com/NginxChs
在高并发连接的情况下，Nginx是Apache服务器不错的替代品。Nginx同时也可以作为7层负载均衡服务器来使用。根据我的测试结果，Nginx 0.7.30 + PHP 5.2.8 (FastCGI) 可以承受3万以上的并发连接数，相当于同等环境下Apache的10倍。
根据我的经验，4GB内存的服务器+Apache（prefork模式）一般只能处理3000个并发连接，因为它们将占用3GB以上的内存，还得为系统预留1GB的内存。我曾经就有两台Apache服务器，因为在配置文件中设置的MaxClients为4000，当Apache并发连接数达到3800时，导致服务器内存和Swap空间用满而崩溃。
而这台 Nginx 0.7.30 + PHP 5.2.8 (FastCGI) 服务器在3万并发连接下，开启的10个Nginx进程消耗150M内存（15M*10=150M），开启的64个php-cgi进程消耗1280M内存（20M*64=1280M），加上系统自身消耗的内存，总共消耗不到2GB内存。如果服务器内存较小，完全可以只开启25个php-cgi进程，这样php-cgi消耗的总内存数才500M。
在3万并发连接下，访问Nginx 0.7.30 + PHP 5.2.8 (FastCGI) 服务器的PHP程序，仍然速度飞快。下图为Nginx的状态监控页面，显示的活动连接数为28457（关于Nginx的监控页配置，会在本文接下来所给出的Nginx配置文件中写明）：
我生产环境下的两台Nginx + PHP5（FastCGI）服务器，跑多个一般复杂的纯PHP动态程序，单台Nginx + PHP5（FastCGI）服务器跑PHP动态程序的处理能力已经超过“700次请求/秒”，相当于每天可以承受6000万（700*60*60*24=60480000）的访问量（更多信息见此），而服务器的系统负载也不高：
安装步骤：
（系统要求：Linux 2.6+ 内核，本文中的Linux操作系统为CentOS 5.1，另在RedHat AS4上也安装成功）
一、获取相关开源程序：
1、【适用CentOS操作系统】利用CentOS Linux系统自带的yum命令安装、升级所需的程序库（RedHat等其他Linux发行版可从安装光盘中找到这些程序库的RPM包，进行安装）：
sudo -s
LANG=C
yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ autoconf libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel freetype freetype-devel libxml2 libxml2-devel zlib zlib-devel glibc glibc-devel glib2 glib2-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel ncurses ncurses-devel curl curl-devel e2fsprogs e2fsprogs-devel krb5 krb5-devel libidn libidn-devel openssl openssl-devel
2、【适用RedHat操作系统】RedHat等其他Linux发行版可从安装光盘中找到这些程序库的RPM包（事先可通过类似“rpm -qa | grep libjpeg”的命令查看所需的RPM包是否存在，通常是“xxx-devel”不存在，需要安装）。RedHat可以直接利用CentOS的RPM包安装，以下是RPM包下载网址：
①、RedHat AS4 & CentOS 4
http://mirror.be10.com/centos/4/os/i386/CentOS/RPMS/
http://mirror.be10.com/centos/4/os/x86_64/CentOS/RPMS/
②、RedHat AS5 & CentOS 5
http://mirror.be10.com/centos/5/os/i386/CentOS/
http://mirror.be10.com/centos/5/os/x86_64/CentOS/
③、RPM包搜索网站
http://rpm.pbone.net/
http://www.rpmfind.net/
④、RedHat AS4 系统环境，通常情况下缺少的支持包安装：
Ⅰ、i386 系统
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/libjpeg-devel-6b-33.i386.rpm
rpm -ivh libjpeg-devel-6b-33.i386.rpm
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.i386.rpm
rpm -ivh freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.i386.rpm
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.i386.rpm
rpm -ivh libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.i386.rpm
Ⅱ、x86_64 系统
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/libjpeg-devel-6b-33.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh libjpeg-devel-6b-33.x86_64.rpm
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.x86_64.rpm
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.x86_64.rpm
3、【适用CentOS、RedHat及其它Linux操作系统】下载程序源码包：
本文中提到的所有开源软件为截止到2009年1月15日的最新稳定版。
①、从软件的官方网站下载：
mkdir -p /data0/software
cd /data0/software
wget http://sysoev.ru/nginx/nginx-0.7.30.tar.gz
wget http://www.php.net/get/php-5.2.8.tar.gz/from/this/mirror
wget http://php-fpm.anight.org/downloads/head/php-5.2.8-fpm-0.5.10.diff.gz
wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.1/mysql-5.1.30.tar.gz/from/http://mirrors.24-7-solutions.net/pub/mysql/
wget http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/libiconv/libiconv-1.12.tar.gz
wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mcrypt/libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz?modtime=1171868460&big_mirror=0"
wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mcrypt/mcrypt-2.6.7.tar.gz?modtime=1194463373&big_mirror=0"
wget http://pecl.php.net/get/memcache-2.2.4.tgz
wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mhash/mhash-0.9.9.tar.gz?modtime=1175740843&big_mirror=0"
wget ftp://ftp.csx.cam.ac.uk/pub/software/programming/pcre/pcre-7.8.tar.gz
wget http://bart.eaccelerator.net/source/0.9.5.3/eaccelerator-0.9.5.3.tar.bz2
wget http://pecl.php.net/get/PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz
②、从blog.s135.com下载（比较稳定，只允许在本站，或者在Linux/Unix下通过Wget、Curl等命令下载以下软件）：
mkdir -p /data0/software
cd /data0/software
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/nginx/nginx-0.7.30.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/php/php-5.2.8.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/phpfpm/php-5.2.8-fpm-0.5.10.diff.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/mysql/mysql-5.1.30.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/libiconv/libiconv-1.12.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/mcrypt/libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/mcrypt/mcrypt-2.6.7.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/memcache/memcache-2.2.4.tgz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/mhash/mhash-0.9.9.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/pcre/pcre-7.8.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/eaccelerator/eaccelerator-0.9.5.3.tar.bz2
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/pdo/PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz
二、安装PHP 5.2.8（FastCGI模式）
1、编译安装PHP 5.2.8所需的支持库：tar zxvf libiconv-1.12.tar.gz
cd libiconv-1.12/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local
make
make install
cd ../
tar zxvf libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz
cd libmcrypt-2.5.8/
./configure
make
make install
/sbin/ldconfig
cd libltdl/
./configure --enable-ltdl-install
make
make install
cd ../../
tar zxvf mhash-0.9.9.tar.gz
cd mhash-0.9.9/
./configure
make
make install
cd ../
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.la /usr/lib/libmcrypt.la
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so.4 /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so.4
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so.4.4.8 /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so.4.4.8
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.a /usr/lib/libmhash.a
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.la /usr/lib/libmhash.la
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so /usr/lib/libmhash.so
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2.0.1 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2.0.1
tar zxvf mcrypt-2.6.7.tar.gz
cd mcrypt-2.6.7/
/sbin/ldconfig
./configure
make
make install
cd ../
2、编译安装MySQL 5.1.30
/usr/sbin/groupadd mysql
/usr/sbin/useradd -g mysql mysql
tar zxvf mysql-5.1.30.tar.gz
cd mysql-5.1.30/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/ --enable-assembler --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --with-big-tables --with-readline --with-ssl --with-embedded-server --enable-local-infile --with-innodb
make && make install
chmod +w /usr/local/webserver/mysql
chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/webserver/mysql
cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /usr/local/webserver/mysql/my.cnf
cd ../
附：以下为附加步骤，如果你想在这台服务器上运行MySQL数据库，则执行以下两步。如果你只是希望让PHP支持MySQL扩展库，能够连接其他服务器上的MySQL数据库，那么，以下两步无需执行。
①、以mysql用户帐号的身份建立数据表：
/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_install_db --basedir=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --datadir=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/data --user=mysql
②、启动MySQL（最后的&表示在后台运行）
/bin/sh /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/my.cnf &
3、编译安装PHP（FastCGI模式）
tar zxvf php-5.2.8.tar.gz
gzip -cd php-5.2.8-fpm-0.5.10.diff.gz | patch -d php-5.2.8 -p1
cd php-5.2.8/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/php --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/webserver/php/etc --with-mysql=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --with-mysqli=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_config --with-iconv-dir=/usr/local --with-freetype-dir --with-jpeg-dir --with-png-dir --with-zlib --with-libxml-dir=/usr --enable-xml --disable-rpath --enable-discard-path --enable-safe-mode --enable-bcmath --enable-shmop --enable-sysvsem --enable-inline-optimization --with-curl --with-curlwrappers --enable-mbregex --enable-fastcgi --enable-fpm --enable-force-cgi-redirect --enable-mbstring --with-mcrypt --with-gd --enable-gd-native-ttf --with-openssl --with-mhash --enable-pcntl --enable-sockets
make ZEND_EXTRA_LIBS='-liconv'
make install
cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
cd ../
4、编译安装PHP5扩展模块
tar zxvf memcache-2.2.4.tgz
cd memcache-2.2.4/
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config
make
make install
cd ../
tar jxvf eaccelerator-0.9.5.3.tar.bz2
cd eaccelerator-0.9.5.3/
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure --enable-eaccelerator=shared --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config
make
make install
cd ../
tar zxvf PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz
cd PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2/
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config --with-pdo-mysql=/usr/local/webserver/mysql
make
make install
cd ../
5、修改php.ini文件
手工修改：查找/usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini中的extension_dir = "./"
修改为extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/"
并在此行后增加以下几行，然后保存：
extension = "memcache.so"
extension = "pdo_mysql.so"
再查找output_buffering = Off
修改为output_buffering = On
自动修改：若嫌手工修改麻烦，可执行以下shell命令，自动完成对php.ini文件的修改：
sed -i 's#extension_dir = "./"#extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/"\nextension = "memcache.so"\nextension = "pdo_mysql.so"\n#' /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
sed -i 's#output_buffering = Off#output_buffering = On#' /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
6、配置eAccelerator加速PHP：
mkdir -p /usr/local/webserver/eaccelerator_cache
vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
按shift+g键跳到配置文件的最末尾，加上以下配置信息：
引用
zend_extension="/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/eaccelerator.so"
eaccelerator.shm_size="128"
eaccelerator.cache_dir="/usr/local/webserver/eaccelerator_cache"
eaccelerator.enable="1"
eaccelerator.optimizer="1"
eaccelerator.check_mtime="1"
eaccelerator.debug="0"
eaccelerator.filter=""
eaccelerator.shm_max="0"
eaccelerator.shm_ttl="300"
eaccelerator.shm_prune_period="120"
eaccelerator.shm_only="0"
eaccelerator.compress="1"
eaccelerator.compress_level="9"
修改配置文件：
vi /etc/sysctl.conf
输入以下内容：
引用
kernel.shmmax = 134217728
然后执行以下命令使配置生效：
/sbin/sysctl -p
7、创建www用户和组，以及供blog.s135.com和www.s135.com两个虚拟主机使用的目录：
/usr/sbin/groupadd www
/usr/sbin/useradd -g www www
mkdir -p /data0/htdocs/blog
chmod +w /data0/htdocs/blog
chown -R www:www /data0/htdocs/blog
mkdir -p /data0/htdocs/www
chmod +w /data0/htdocs/www
chown -R www:www /data0/htdocs/www
8、创建php-fpm配置文件（php-fpm是为PHP打的一个FastCGI管理补丁，可以平滑变更php.ini配置而无需重启php-cgi）：
在/usr/local/webserver/php/etc/目录中创建php-fpm.conf文件：
rm -f /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php-fpm.conf
vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php-fpm.conf
输入以下内容（如果您安装 Nginx + PHP 用于程序调试，请将以下的<value name="display_errors">0</value>改为<value name="display_errors">1</value>，以便显示PHP错误信息，否则，Nginx 会报状态为500的空白错误页）：
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[*]<?xml version="1.0" ?>
[*]<configuration>
[*]
[*] All relative paths in this config are relative to php's install prefix
[*]
[*] <section name="global_options">
[*]
[*] Pid file
[*] <value name="pid_file">/usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.pid</value>
[*]
[*] Error log file
[*] <value name="error_log">/usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.log</value>
[*]
[*] Log level
[*] <value name="log_level">notice</value>
[*]
[*] When this amount of php processes exited with SIGSEGV or SIGBUS ...
[*] <value name="emergency_restart_threshold">10</value>
[*]
[*] ... in a less than this interval of time, a graceful restart will be initiated.
[*] Useful to work around accidental curruptions in accelerator's shared memory.
[*] <value name="emergency_restart_interval">1m</value>
[*]
[*] Time limit on waiting child's reaction on signals from master
[*] <value name="process_control_timeout">5s</value>
[*]
[*] Set to 'no' to debug fpm
[*] <value name="daemonize">yes</value>
[*]
[*] </section>
[*]
[*] <workers>
[*]
[*] <section name="pool">
[*]
[*] Name of pool. Used in logs and stats.
[*] <value name="name">default</value>
[*]
[*] Address to accept fastcgi requests on.
[*] Valid syntax is 'ip.ad.re.ss:port' or just 'port' or '/path/to/unix/socket'
[*] <value name="listen_address">127.0.0.1:9000</value>
[*]
[*] <value name="listen_options">
[*]
[*] Set listen(2) backlog
[*] <value name="backlog">-1</value>
[*]
[*] Set permissions for unix socket, if one used.
[*] In Linux read/write permissions must be set in order to allow connections from web server.
[*] Many BSD-derrived systems allow connections regardless of permissions.
[*] <value name="owner"></value>
[*] <value name="group"></value>
[*] <value name="mode">0666</value>
[*] </value>
[*]
[*] Additional php.ini defines, specific to this pool of workers.
[*] <value name="php_defines">
[*] <value name="sendmail_path">/usr/sbin/sendmail -t -i</value>
[*] <value name="display_errors">1</value>
[*] </value>
[*]
[*] Unix user of processes
[*] <value name="user">www</value>
[*]
[*] Unix group of processes
[*] <value name="group">www</value>
[*]
[*] Process manager settings
[*] <value name="pm">
[*]
[*] Sets style of controling worker process count.
[*] Valid values are 'static' and 'apache-like'
[*] <value name="style">static</value>
[*]
[*] Sets the limit on the number of simultaneous requests that will be served.
[*] Equivalent to Apache MaxClients directive.
[*] Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN environment in original php.fcgi
[*] Used with any pm_style.
[*] <value name="max_children">128</value>
[*]
[*] Settings group for 'apache-like' pm style
[*] <value name="apache_like">
[*]
[*] Sets the number of server processes created on startup.
[*] Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected
[*] <value name="StartServers">20</value>
[*]
[*] Sets the desired minimum number of idle server processes.
[*] Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected
[*] <value name="MinSpareServers">5</value>
[*]
[*] Sets the desired maximum number of idle server processes.
[*] Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected
[*] <value name="MaxSpareServers">35</value>
[*]
[*] </value>
[*]
[*] </value>
[*]
[*] The timeout (in seconds) for serving a single request after which the worker process will be terminated
[*] Should be used when 'max_execution_time' ini option does not stop script execution for some reason
[*] '0s' means 'off'
[*] <value name="request_terminate_timeout">0s</value>
[*]
[*] The timeout (in seconds) for serving of single request after which a php backtrace will be dumped to slow.log file
[*] '0s' means 'off'
[*] <value name="request_slowlog_timeout">0s</value>
[*]
[*] The log file for slow requests
[*] <value name="slowlog">logs/slow.log</value>
[*]
[*] Set open file desc rlimit
[*] <value name="rlimit_files">51200</value>
[*]
[*] Set max core size rlimit
[*] <value name="rlimit_core">0</value>
[*]
[*] Chroot to this directory at the start, absolute path
[*] <value name="chroot"></value>
[*]
[*] Chdir to this directory at the start, absolute path
[*] <value name="chdir"></value>
[*]
[*] Redirect workers' stdout and stderr into main error log.
[*] If not set, they will be redirected to /dev/null, according to FastCGI specs
[*] <value name="catch_workers_output">yes</value>
[*]
[*] How much requests each process should execute before respawn.
[*] Useful to work around memory leaks in 3rd party libraries.
[*] For endless request processing please specify 0
[*] Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS
[*] <value name="max_requests">500</value>
[*]
[*] Comma separated list of ipv4 addresses of FastCGI clients that allowed to connect.
[*] Equivalent to FCGI_WEB_SERVER_ADDRS environment in original php.fcgi (5.2.2+)
[*] Makes sense only with AF_INET listening socket.
[*] <value name="allowed_clients">127.0.0.1</value>
[*]
[*] Pass environment variables like LD_LIBRARY_PATH
[*] All $VARIABLEs are taken from current environment
[*] <value name="environment">
[*] <value name="HOSTNAME">$HOSTNAME</value>
[*] <value name="PATH">/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin</value>
[*] <value name="TMP">/tmp</value>
[*] <value name="TMPDIR">/tmp</value>
[*] <value name="TEMP">/tmp</value>
[*] <value name="OSTYPE">$OSTYPE</value>
[*] <value name="MACHTYPE">$MACHTYPE</value>
[*] <value name="MALLOC_CHECK_">2</value>
[*] </value>
[*]
[*] </section>
[*]
[*] </workers>
[*]
[*]</configuration>
<textarea class="xml" style="display: none;" cols="100" rows="15" name="code"><?xml version="1.0" ?><configuration> All relative paths in this config are relative to php's install prefix <section name="global_options"> Pid file <value name="pid_file">/usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.pid</value> Error log file <value name="error_log">/usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.log</value> Log level <value name="log_level">notice</value> When this amount of php processes exited with SIGSEGV or SIGBUS ... <value name="emergency_restart_threshold">10</value> ... in a less than this interval of time, a graceful restart will be initiated. Useful to work around accidental curruptions in accelerator's shared memory. <value name="emergency_restart_interval">1m</value> Time limit on waiting child's reaction on signals from master <value name="process_control_timeout">5s</value> Set to 'no' to debug fpm <value name="daemonize">yes</value> </section> <workers> <section name="pool"> Name of pool. Used in logs and stats. <value name="name">default</value> Address to accept fastcgi requests on. Valid syntax is 'ip.ad.re.ss:port' or just 'port' or '/path/to/unix/socket' <value name="listen_address">127.0.0.1:9000</value> <value name="listen_options"> Set listen(2) backlog <value name="backlog">-1</value> Set permissions for unix socket, if one used. In Linux read/write permissions must be set in order to allow connections from web server. Many BSD-derrived systems allow connections regardless of permissions. <value name="owner"></value> <value name="gro
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