硬盘安装Ubuntu10.04 Server+Window Maker
【==环境介绍==】本次安装过程并不顺利，可以参见后面的红色内容。Fedora14下安装Ubuntu，代替Fedora。默认SSH已经开启。这其实只是众多方式中的一种。
【==准备安装==】
通过SSH Secure Shell上传
-rw-r--r--.1 root root 7004139525?24 2010ubuntu-10.04-server-i386.iso
-rw-r--r--.1 root root 66287178?31 2010 initrd.gz
-rw-r--r--.1 root root113752128?31 2010 boot.img.gz
-rw-r--r--.1 root root 40297928?31 2010 vmlinuz
【==修改GRUB ==】
在/boot/grub/文件夹下看到menu.lst文件其实只是一个链接文件,链接到当前目录下的grub.conf文件.所以我们要修改的就是grub.conf文件了.
lrwxrwxrwx.1 root root 113? 5 08:59 menu.lst -> ./grub.conf
# vi grub.conf
title Install Ubuntu For zheng
root (hd0,1)
kernel /vmlinuz boot=casper iso-scan/filename=/ubuntu-10.04-server-i386.iso ro quiet splash
initrd /initrd.gz
【==开始定制安装==】
安装轻量桌面WindowMaker
shiyan56@shiyan56:~$ sudo apt-get install wmaker
password for shiyan56:
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
fontconfig-config libfontconfig1 libgif4 libjpeg62 libtiff4 libwraster3
libxft2 libxinerama1 libxpm4 libxrender1 ttf-dejavu-core
Suggested packages:
wmaker-data menu asclock gkrellm
The following NEW packages will be installed:
fontconfig-config libfontconfig1 libgif4 libjpeg62 libtiff4 libwraster3
libxft2 libxinerama1 libxpm4 libxrender1 ttf-dejavu-core wmaker
0 upgraded, 12 newly installed, 0 to remove and 84 not upgraded.
Need to get 4,542kB of archives.
After this operation, 13.5MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue ? y
我兴奋的马上运行startx命令，可是系统却返回信息告诉我startx当前还没有安装，可以通过命令sudo apt-get install xinit来安装它，于是我又开始了下面的安装。
shiyan56@shiyan56:~$ sudo apt-get install xinit
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
intel-gpu-tools libfontenc1 libgl1-mesa-dri libice6 libpciaccess0
libpixman-1-0 libsm6 libxaw7 libxfixes3 libxfont1 libxi6 libxkbfile1 libxmu6
libxt6 libxv1 libxvmc1 x11-common x11-xkb-utils xfonts-base xfonts-encodings
xfonts-utils xserver-common xserver-xorg xserver-xorg-core
xserver-xorg-input-all xserver-xorg-input-evdev xserver-xorg-input-mouse
xserver-xorg-input-synaptics xserver-xorg-input-vmmouse
xserver-xorg-input-wacom xserver-xorg-video-all xserver-xorg-video-apm
xserver-xorg-video-ark xserver-xorg-video-ati xserver-xorg-video-chips
xserver-xorg-video-cirrus xserver-xorg-video-fbdev xserver-xorg-video-geode
xserver-xorg-video-i128 xserver-xorg-video-i740 xserver-xorg-video-intel
xserver-xorg-video-mach64 xserver-xorg-video-mga xserver-xorg-video-neomagic
xserver-xorg-video-nouveau xserver-xorg-video-nv
xserver-xorg-video-openchrome xserver-xorg-video-r128
xserver-xorg-video-radeon xserver-xorg-video-rendition xserver-xorg-video-s3
xserver-xorg-video-s3virge xserver-xorg-video-savage
xserver-xorg-video-siliconmotion xserver-xorg-video-sis
xserver-xorg-video-sisusb xserver-xorg-video-tdfx xserver-xorg-video-trident
xserver-xorg-video-tseng xserver-xorg-video-v4l xserver-xorg-video-vesa
xserver-xorg-video-vmware xserver-xorg-video-voodoo
Suggested packages:
libglide3 xfs xserver xfonts-100dpi xfonts-75dpi xfonts-scalable
gpointing-device-settings touchfreeze xinput firmware-linux
Recommended packages:
xserver-xorg-video-cyrix xserver-xorg-video-nsc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
intel-gpu-tools libfontenc1 libgl1-mesa-dri libice6 libpciaccess0
libpixman-1-0 libsm6 libxaw7 libxfixes3 libxfont1 libxi6 libxkbfile1 libxmu6
libxt6 libxv1 libxvmc1 x11-common x11-xkb-utils xfonts-base xfonts-encodings
xfonts-utils xinit xserver-common xserver-xorg xserver-xorg-core
xserver-xorg-input-all xserver-xorg-input-evdev xserver-xorg-input-mouse
xserver-xorg-input-synaptics xserver-xorg-input-vmmouse
xserver-xorg-input-wacom xserver-xorg-video-all xserver-xorg-video-apm
xserver-xorg-video-ark xserver-xorg-video-ati xserver-xorg-video-chips
xserver-xorg-video-cirrus xserver-xorg-video-fbdev xserver-xorg-video-geode
xserver-xorg-video-i128 xserver-xorg-video-i740 xserver-xorg-video-intel
xserver-xorg-video-mach64 xserver-xorg-video-mga xserver-xorg-video-neomagic
xserver-xorg-video-nouveau xserver-xorg-video-nv
xserver-xorg-video-openchrome xserver-xorg-video-r128
xserver-xorg-video-radeon xserver-xorg-video-rendition xserver-xorg-video-s3
xserver-xorg-video-s3virge xserver-xorg-video-savage
xserver-xorg-video-siliconmotion xserver-xorg-video-sis
xserver-xorg-video-sisusb xserver-xorg-video-tdfx xserver-xorg-video-trident
xserver-xorg-video-tseng xserver-xorg-video-v4l xserver-xorg-video-vesa
xserver-xorg-video-vmware xserver-xorg-video-voodoo
0 upgraded, 64 newly installed, 0 to remove and 84 not upgraded.
Need to get 18.1MB of archives.
After this operation, 67.8MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue ? y
以上只是初步安装完成windowmaker,还有很多的软件没有安装。这里再安装几个轻量级软件。【当然汉化也没有做哦，只是想着让它以后完美显示中文，当然需要时间】
$ sudo apt-get installxterm
安装了xterm就可以放心的输入很多的命令来激活GUI工具了。
$ sudo apt-getinstall wmclock wmmount wmmon wmakerconf pcmanfm
通过上面刚刚安装的xterm来输入下面安装的程序名称可以有意想不到的收获。
其中：
wmclock 一个图形化时钟
wmmon 可以监视系统的运行时间和内存、CPU、网络的状态
wmakerconf 可以方便的配置windowmaker的图形显示方式，相当于XP下的控制面板
pcmanfm 一个很轻量的文件浏览器
【==曲径通幽==】
刚刚安装完系统后，在Grub界面出现了乱码现象。且进入系统后，分辨率相当低，网卡没有驱起来！随安装系统不胜数，但此种情况还是头一次碰到！
于是又重新启动系统盯住屏幕看，终于看到内个单词，说什么有文件找不到，仔细分析，呀哈内核没有加载上！怎么可能！接着在出错的系统中进入/boot/目录看到如下所示内容：
shiyan56@shiyan56:~$ ls /boot/
abi-2.6.32-21-generic initrd-plymouth.img
config-2.6.32-21-generic memtest86+.bin
config-2.6.35.6-45.fc14.i686 System.map-2.6.32-21-generic
efi System.map-2.6.35.6-45.fc14.i686
grub vmcoreinfo-2.6.32-21-generic
initramfs-2.6.35.6-45.fc14.i686.img vmlinuz-2.6.32-21-generic
initrd.img-2.6.32-21-generic vmlinuz-2.6.35.6-45.fc14.i686
原来fc14的内核不知道什么时候跑了过来！！回想了一下，应该是在安装Grub的时候不小心选错了yes或者no，唉谁让咱E文不好呢！接下来的事情应该就是修改grub的配置文件来让系统找到正确的内核。
/boot/grub/目录查看Grub的配置文件grub.cfg注意在目录下还同时存在一个名为grub.conf的文件，也是在Ubuntu中的新grub中从来都没有过的。看来真的是在安装的时候Ubuntu检测到旧新的系统中也有grub存在为了防止将其引导删除，所以询问安装者是否保留原有的grub配置，所以在grub.cfg文件中就有了引导f14内核的情况，当然如果f14系统保留的话这个引导是没有错的，可是我的Ubuntu在安装后是硬盘上仅存的一个系统了，这样当然就找不到f14的踪影了。再加之种种的巧合让grub的配置文件又莫名的找到拷贝过来的f14内核文件，然后通过f14内核引导ubuntu错误也随之而来了。为了说清楚问题所以写了这么多的文字。
下面让我们打开grub.cfg来看看吧。我们看到了set default="0"这一行，只需将0更改为2就可以了，具体的真的不想再说了。更改后系统启动成功！希望你不会走我的老路！
#
# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE
#
# It is automatically generated by /usr/sbin/grub-mkconfig using templates
# from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub
#
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###
if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then
load_env
fi
set default="0"
if [ ${prev_saved_entry} ]; then
set saved_entry=${prev_saved_entry}
save_env saved_entry
set prev_saved_entry=
save_env prev_saved_entry
set boot_once=true
fi
function savedefault {
if [ -z ${boot_once} ]; then
saved_entry=${chosen}
save_env saved_entry
fi
}
function recordfail {
set recordfail=1
if [ -n ${have_grubenv} ]; then if [ -z ${boot_once} ]; then save_env recordfail; fi; fi
}
insmod ext2
set root='(hd0,1)'
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 98f68109-cc7a-475e-80e4-744c8e88633d
if loadfont /usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2 ; then
set gfxmode=640x480
insmod gfxterm
insmod vbe
if terminal_output gfxterm ; then true ; else
# For backward compatibility with versions of terminal.mod that don't
# understand terminal_output
terminal gfxterm
fi
fi
insmod ext2
set root='(hd0,1)'
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 98f68109-cc7a-475e-80e4-744c8e88633d
set locale_dir=($root)/boot/grub/locale
set lang=C.UTF-8
insmod gettext
if [ ${recordfail} = 1 ]; then
set timeout=-1
else
set timeout=10
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###
set menu_color_normal=white/black
set menu_color_highlight=black/light-gray
### END /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###
menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 2.6.35.6-45.fc14.i686' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
recordfail
insmod ext2
set root='(hd0,1)'
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 98f68109-cc7a-475e-80e4-744c8e88633d
linux /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.35.6-45.fc14.i686 root=/dev/sda1 ro quiet splash
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 2.6.35.6-45.fc14.i686 (recovery mode)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
recordfail
insmod ext2
set root='(hd0,1)'
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 98f68109-cc7a-475e-80e4-744c8e88633d
echo 'Loading Linux 2.6.35.6-45.fc14.i686 ...'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.35.6-45.fc14.i686 root=/dev/sda1 ro single
echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 2.6.32-21-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
recordfail
insmod ext2
set root='(hd0,1)'
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 98f68109-cc7a-475e-80e4-744c8e88633d
linux /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-21-generic root=UUID=98f68109-cc7a-475e-80e4-744c8e88633d ro quiet splash
initrd/boot/initrd.img-2.6.32-21-generic
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 2.6.32-21-generic (recovery mode)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
recordfail
insmod ext2
set root='(hd0,1)'
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 98f68109-cc7a-475e-80e4-744c8e88633d
echo 'Loading Linux 2.6.32-21-generic ...'
linux /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-21-generic root=UUID=98f68109-cc7a-475e-80e4-744c8e88633d ro single
echo 'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
initrd/boot/initrd.img-2.6.32-21-generic
}
### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ###
menuentry "Memory test (memtest86+)" {
insmod ext2
set root='(hd0,1)'
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 98f68109-cc7a-475e-80e4-744c8e88633d
linux16 /boot/memtest86+.bin
}
menuentry "Memory test (memtest86+, serial console 115200)" {
insmod ext2
set root='(hd0,1)'
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 98f68109-cc7a-475e-80e4-744c8e88633d
linux16 /boot/memtest86+.bin console=ttyS0,115200n8
}
### END /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
if [ ${timeout} != -1 ]; then
if keystatus; then
if keystatus --shift; then
set timeout=-1
else
set timeout=0
fi
else
if sleep --interruptible 3 ; then
set timeout=0
fi
fi
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###
# This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries.Simply type the
# menu entries you want to add after this comment.Be careful not to change
# the 'exec tail' line above.
### END /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###
"/boot/grub/grub.cfg" 135 lines, 4148 characters
【==挂载分区==】
如果想着让系统在启动时自动挂载相应的分区，只需修改/etc/fstab文件就可以了。
fstab文件原来的内容：
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# Use 'blkid -o value -s UUID' to print the universally unique identifier
# for a device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name
# devices that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).
#
# <file system> <mount point> <type><options> <dump><pass>
proc /proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0
# / was on /dev/sda1 during installation
UUID=98f68109-cc7a-475e-80e4-744c8e88633d / ext3 errors=remount-ro 0 1
# /home was on /dev/sda5 during installation
UUID=63295fe8-4cbd-4b8f-a95e-d48804fc488f /home ext3 defaults 0 2
# /var was on /dev/sda6 during installation
UUID=7aced6c7-b1c3-4e2d-a191-5580a2d2b819 /var ext3 defaults 0 2
# /var was on /dev/sda6 during installation
UUID=7aced6c7-b1c3-4e2d-a191-5580a2d2b819 /var ext3 defaults 0 2
在最后一行添加：/dev/sda2 /home/vmos ext3 defaults iocharset=utf8
$ sudovi /etc/fstab
/dev/sda2 /home/vmos ext3 defaults iocharset=utf8
重启系统后，可以看到如下结果：
$ df-h
Filesystem SizeUsed Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 9.2G740M8.0G9% /
/dev/sda5 7.7G146M7.2G2% /home
/dev/sda2 212G2.4G199G2% /home/vmos
/dev/sda6 972M171M752M 19% /var
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