自制linux系统——打造属于自己的linux系统
很多时候我们直接使用别人帮我们打包好的一个linux系统，总感觉某些工具或者命令多余或者效果不好，那我们是否可以自制一个比较符合自己需求的linux系统出来了，答案是肯定的，而且实现这个目标也并困难，需要的时间也不会太长。接下来就给大家分享如何自制的过程。环境需求：
1、Vmware虚拟机
2、Centos6.8光盘镜像IS0文件
3、Vmware上安装一份Centos6.8的操作系统
第一步：装载一块新硬盘到虚拟机的Centos6.8系统上，并保证系统正常读取
# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RMSIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 20G0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0200M0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 5G0 part /
└─sda3 8:3 0 5G0 part /test
sr0 11:0 13.7G0 rom
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan
# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RMSIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 20G0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0200M0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 5G0 part /
└─sda3 8:3 0 5G0 part /test
sr0 11:0 13.7G0 rom
sdb 8:16 0 20G0 disk
#
第二步：分区格式化并挂载，boot分区200M，根分区2G，统一格式化成ext4文件系统,boot分区卷标：boot，根分区卷标：root，boot分区挂载到/mnt/boot,根分区挂载到/mnt/root
# fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x7a85194e.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-2610, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-2610, default 2610): +200M
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 2
First cylinder (27-2610, default 27):
Using default value 27
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (27-2610, default 2610): +2G
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 20G0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 200M0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 5G0 part /
└─sda3 8:3 0 5G0 part /test
sr0 11:0 1 3.7G0 rom
sdb 8:16 0 20G0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 203.9M0 part
└─sdb2 8:18 0 2G0 part
# mkfs.ext4 -L boot /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=boot
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
52208 inodes, 208812 blocks
10440 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=67371008
26 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
2008 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 36 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
# mkfs.ext4 -L root /dev/sdb2
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=root
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
131648 inodes, 526128 blocks
26306 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=541065216
17 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
7744 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 27 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
# mkdir /mnt/boot
# mkdir /mnt/root
# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/boot
# mount /dev/sdb2 /mnt/root
#
第三步：创建boot分区的所有文件
复制当前操作系统的内核文件和文件系统驱动加载文件到自制linux系统的boot分区下
# cp /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-642.el6.x86_64 /boot/initramfs-2.6.32-642.el6.x86_64.img /mnt/boot
# ll /mnt/boot
total 29167
-rw-------. 1 root root 25587665 Sep 11 12:54 initramfs-2.6.32-642.el6.x86_64.img
drwx------. 2 root root 12288 Sep 11 12:40 lost+found
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root4264528 Sep 11 12:54 vmlinuz-2.6.32-642.el6.x86_64
#
安装grub到自制linux系统的boot分区下
# grub-install --root-directory=/mnt /dev/sdb
Probing devices to guess BIOS drives. This may take a long time.
Installation finished. No error reported.
This is the contents of the device map /mnt/boot/grub/device.map.
Check if this is correct or not. If any of the lines is incorrect,
fix it and re-run the script `grub-install'.
(fd0)/dev/fd0
(hd0)/dev/sda
(hd1)/dev/sdb
# tree /mnt/boot
/mnt/boot
├── grub
│ ├── device.map
│ ├── e2fs_stage1_5
│ ├── fat_stage1_5
│ ├── ffs_stage1_5
│ ├── iso9660_stage1_5
│ ├── jfs_stage1_5
│ ├── minix_stage1_5
│ ├── reiserfs_stage1_5
│ ├── stage1
│ ├── stage2
│ ├── ufs2_stage1_5
│ ├── vstafs_stage1_5
│ └── xfs_stage1_5
├── initramfs-2.6.32-642.el6.x86_64.img
├── lost+found
└── vmlinuz-2.6.32-642.el6.x86_64
2 directories, 15 files
#
手工创建grub.conf文件
# clear
# vim /mnt/boot/grub/grub.conf
# cat /mnt/boot/grub/grub.conf
default=0
timeout=3
title Centos6.8--lovefirewall
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-642.el6.x86_64 root=UUID=062befd6-d27d-4e45-8675-e9b5771ac934 selinux=0 init=/bin/bash
initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-642.el6.x86_64.img
#
第四步：创建根分区的一级目录，创建fstab文件，复制自制linux系统上所需要的命令及其库文件
# mkdir /mnt/root/{boot,etc,dev,bin,sbin,lib,lib64,home,root,proc,sys,usr,var,opt,mnt,media}
# ls /mnt/root
bin devhomelib64 mediaopt rootsysvar
bootetclib lost+foundmnt procsbinusr
# cd /mnt
# vim root/etc/fstab
# cat root/etc/fstab
UUID=8c0add68-89a7-43b6-ade0-10e1647c2531 /boot ext4 defaults 1 1
UUID=062befd6-d27d-4e45-8675-e9b5771ac934 / ext4 defaults 1 2
#
由于库文件较多，纯手工复制太过麻烦，在这里我就使用我之前已经编写好的专用于复制命令及库文件的shell脚本来操作（需要本脚本的可以到博文附件中自行下载）
# ls
bootcopycmd.shroot
# ./copycmd.sh
Please input a command name or quit: bash
Please input a command name or quit: poweroff
Please input a command name or quit: reboot
Please input a command name or quit: ls
Please input a command name or quit: pwd
Please input a command name or quit: cp
Please input a command name or quit: mv
Please input a command name or quit: rm
Please input a command name or quit: touch
Please input a command name or quit: mkdir
Please input a command name or quit: cat
Please input a command name or quit: head
Please input a command name or quit: tail
Please input a command name or quit: cut
Please input a command name or quit: sort
Please input a command name or quit: uniq
Please input a command name or quit: paste
Please input a command name or quit: dd
Please input a command name or quit: diff
Please input a command name or quit: du
Please input a command name or quit: df
Please input a command name or quit: clear
Please input a command name or quit: vim
Please input a command name or quit: grep
Please input a command name or quit: egrep
Please input a command name or quit: fgrep
Please input a command name or quit: sed
Please input a command name or quit: awk
Please input a command name or quit: date
Please input a command name or quit: clock
Please input a command name or quit: cal
Please input a command name or quit: chown
Please input a command name or quit: chmod
Please input a command name or quit: lsblk
Please input a command name or quit: blkid
Please input a command name or quit: fdisk
Please input a command name or quit: kpartx
Please input a command name or quit: mkfs
Please input a command name or quit: mkfs.ext3
Please input a command name or quit: mkfs.ext4
Please input a command name or quit: mke2fs
Please input a command name or quit: mkswap
Please input a command name or quit: swapon
Please input a command name or quit: swapoff
Please input a command name or quit: mount
Please input a command name or quit: umount
Please input a command name or quit: tune2fs
Please input a command name or quit: e2label
Please input a command name or quit: dumpe2fs
Please input a command name or quit: e2fsck
Please input a command name or quit: fuser
Please input a command name or quit: kill
Please input a command name or quit: find
Please input a command name or quit: gzip
Please input a command name or quit: bzip2
Please input a command name or quit: xz
Please input a command name or quit: zip
Please input a command name or quit: tar
Please input a command name or quit: gunzip
Please input a command name or quit: unxz
Please input a command name or quit: bunzip2
Please input a command name or quit: cpio
Please input a command name or quit: lscpu
Please input a command name or quit: shutdown
Please input a command name or quit: man
Please input a command name or quit: more
Please input a command name or quit: less
Please input a command name or quit: basename
Please input a command name or quit: dirname
Please input a command name or quit: file
Please input a command name or quit: which
Please input a command name or quit: whereis
Please input a command name or quit: stat
Please input a command name or quit: wc
Please input a command name or quit: tr
Please input a command name or quit: bc
Please input a command name or quit: tee
Please input a command name or quit: tree
Please input a command name or quit: test
Please input a command name or quit: fsck
Please input a command name or quit: free
Please input a command name or quit: zcat
Please input a command name or quit: lsmod
Please input a command name or quit: quit
#
第五步：检验自制linux系统的boot分区和根分区上必须的文件是否完整
制作完成后boot分区的上所有文件（如下所列文件一个都不能少）
# tree boot
boot
├── grub
│ ├── device.map
│ ├── e2fs_stage1_5
│ ├── fat_stage1_5
│ ├── ffs_stage1_5
│ ├── grub.conf
│ ├── iso9660_stage1_5
│ ├── jfs_stage1_5
│ ├── minix_stage1_5
│ ├── reiserfs_stage1_5
│ ├── stage1
│ ├── stage2
│ ├── ufs2_stage1_5
│ ├── vstafs_stage1_5
│ └── xfs_stage1_5
├── initramfs-2.6.32-642.el6.x86_64.img
├── lost+found
└── vmlinuz-2.6.32-642.el6.x86_64
2 directories, 16 files
#
制作完成后自制linux根分区的上所有文件，/etc/fstab文件一定不能少，否则系统无法自动分区信息，也无法找到根，bash的命令文件和库文件一定不能少，否则系统没shell入口，我们是无法与操作系统交互的，其它命令没有的话进入系统后就没什么功能可用，但不会影响系统的启动。
# tree root
root
├── bin
│ ├── awk
│ ├── basename
│ ├── bash
│ ├── cat
│ ├── chmod
│ ├── chown
│ ├── cp
│ ├── cpio
│ ├── cut
│ ├── date
│ ├── dd
│ ├── df
│ ├── egrep
│ ├── fgrep
│ ├── find
│ ├── grep
│ ├── gunzip
│ ├── gzip
│ ├── kill
│ ├── ls
│ ├── lsblk
│ ├── mkdir
│ ├── more
│ ├── mount
│ ├── mv
│ ├── pwd
│ ├── rm
│ ├── sed
│ ├── sort
│ ├── tar
│ ├── touch
│ ├── umount
│ └── zcat
├── boot
├── dev
├── etc
│ └── fstab
├── home
├── lib
├── lib64
│ ├── ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
│ ├── libacl.so.1
│ ├── libattr.so.1
│ ├── libaudit.so.1
│ ├── libblkid.so.1
│ ├── libbz2.so.1
│ ├── libcap.so.2
│ ├── libcom_err.so.2
│ ├── libcrypt.so.1
│ ├── libc.so.6
│ ├── libdbus-1.so.3
│ ├── libdevmapper.so.1.02
│ ├── libdl.so.2
│ ├── libe2p.so.2
│ ├── libext2fs.so.2
│ ├── libfreebl3.so
│ ├── libgcc_s.so.1
│ ├── libm.so.6
│ ├── libncurses.so.5
│ ├── libncursesw.so.5
│ ├── libnih-dbus.so.1
│ ├── libnih.so.1
│ ├── libnsl.so.1
│ ├── libpcre.so.0
│ ├── libproc-3.2.8.so
│ ├── libpthread.so.0
│ ├── libreadline.so.6
│ ├── libresolv.so.2
│ ├── librt.so.1
│ ├── libselinux.so.1
│ ├── libsepol.so.1
│ ├── libtinfo.so.5
│ ├── libudev.so.0
│ ├── libutil.so.1
│ ├── libuuid.so.1
│ └── libz.so.1
├── lost+found
├── media
├── mnt
├── opt
├── proc
├── root
├── sbin
│ ├── blkid
│ ├── clock
│ ├── dumpe2fs
│ ├── e2fsck
│ ├── e2label
│ ├── fdisk
│ ├── fsck
│ ├── fuser
│ ├── kpartx
│ ├── lsmod
│ ├── mke2fs
│ ├── mkfs
│ ├── mkfs.ext3
│ ├── mkfs.ext4
│ ├── mkswap
│ ├── poweroff
│ ├── reboot
│ ├── shutdown
│ ├── swapoff
│ ├── swapon
│ └── tune2fs
├── sys
├── usr
│ ├── bin
│ │ ├── bc
│ │ ├── bunzip2
│ │ ├── bzip2
│ │ ├── cal
│ │ ├── clear
│ │ ├── diff
│ │ ├── dirname
│ │ ├── du
│ │ ├── file
│ │ ├── free
│ │ ├── head
│ │ ├── less
│ │ ├── lscpu
│ │ ├── man
│ │ ├── paste
│ │ ├── stat
│ │ ├── tail
│ │ ├── tee
│ │ ├── test
│ │ ├── tr
│ │ ├── tree
│ │ ├── uniq
│ │ ├── unxz
│ │ ├── vim
│ │ ├── wc
│ │ ├── whereis
│ │ ├── which
│ │ ├── xz
│ │ └── zip
│ └── lib64
│ ├── libgpm.so.2
│ ├── liblzma.so.0
│ ├── libmagic.so.1
│ └── perl5
│ └── CORE
│ └── libperl.so
└── var
21 directories, 124 files
#
第六步：关闭虚拟机，移除用于自制linux系统的硬盘，新建一个虚拟机，直接使用移除下来这块硬盘，开机启动系统，检验是否能正常启动并进入系统
当然这只是一个纯内核加了一些基本的命令组合成的一个微linux系统，要想让它能够产生比较强大的功能，还需要做较多的后续工作，当然能进行到这一步，说明我们自制linux的心愿已经实现了。
附件：http://down.51cto.com/data/2368165
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