Python系统管理
在Linux操作系统上编写shell脚本时, 主要涉及到执行系统命令, 目录和文件操作. 那么在python中怎么办呢, 这主要是几个模块的使用: os, os.path, shutil和sys...os模块包含了大部分的Linux命令, 简单举例如下:
In : import os
In : os.system('ls -l')
total 12
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root107 Mar1 19:31 1.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root214 Mar1 19:30 2.txt
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 Mar1 22:13 functions.sh -> /etc/init.d/functions
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Mar1 22:16 test
Out: 0
In : os.listdir('.')
Out: ['1.txt', 'functions.sh', '2.txt', 'test']
In : os.chdir('test')
In : os.getcwd()
Out: '/tmp/test'
os.path模块主要是目录和文件操作, 简单举例如下:
In : import os.path
In : os.path.sep
Out: '/'
In : os.path.exists('1.txt')
Out: True
In : os.path.isdir('test')
Out: True
In : os.path.isfile('test')
Out: False
In : os.path.realpath('functions.sh')
Out: '/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions'
In : os.path.abspath('functions.sh')
Out: '/tmp/functions.sh'
In : os.path.split('/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions')
Out: ('/etc/rc.d/init.d', 'functions')
In : os.path.splitext('/tmp/functions.sh')
Out: ('/tmp/functions', '.sh')
In : os.path.dirname('/tmp/functions.sh')
Out: '/tmp'
In : os.path.basename('/tmp/functions.sh')
Out: 'functions.sh'
In : os.path.join('/tmp/test', 'stage')
Out: '/tmp/test/stage'
shutil模块是高层次文件操作, 简单举例如下:
In : import shutil
In : os.rmdir('test')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
OSError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-29-c4255042d84c> in <module>()
----> 1 os.rmdir('test')
OSError: Directory not empty: 'test'
In : shutil.rmtree('test')
In : shutil.copy('1.txt', '4.txt')
Out: '4.txt'
In : shutil.copytree('test', 'test_bak')
Out: 'test_bak'
In : shutil.move('test_bak', 'stage')
Out: 'stage'
In : shutil.get_unpack_formats()
Out:
[('bztar', ['.tar.bz2', '.tbz2'], "bzip2'ed tar-file"),
('gztar', ['.tar.gz', '.tgz'], "gzip'ed tar-file"),
('tar', ['.tar'], 'uncompressed tar file'),
('zip', ['.zip'], 'ZIP file')]
In : shutil.unpack_archive('tmux-2.6.tar.gz')
In : shutil.make_archive('tmux26', 'zip', 'tmux-2.6')
Out: '/tmp/tmux26.zip'
sys模块用于处理解释器运行时配置, 和操作系统环境资源交互的, 简单举例如下:
In : import sys
In : sys.argv
Out: ['/root/.pyenv/versions/3.6.4/bin/ipython']
In : sys.path
Out:
['',
'/root/.pyenv/versions/3.6.4/bin',
'/root/.pyenv/versions/3.6.4/lib/python36.zip',
'/root/.pyenv/versions/3.6.4/lib/python3.6',
'/root/.pyenv/versions/3.6.4/lib/python3.6/lib-dynload',
'/root/.pyenv/versions/3.6.4/lib/python3.6/site-packages',
'/root/.pyenv/versions/3.6.4/lib/python3.6/site-packages/IPython/extensions',
'/root/.ipython']
In : sys.getdefaultencoding()
Out: 'utf-8'
In : sys.getfilesystemencoding()
Out: 'utf-8'
In : sys.modules['os.path']
Out: <module 'posixpath' from '/root/.pyenv/versions/3.6.4/lib/python3.6/posixpath.py'>
In : sys.stderr
Out: <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stderr>' mode='w' encoding='UTF-8'>
In : sys.stdin
Out: <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stdin>' mode='r' encoding='UTF-8'>
In : sys.stderr
Out: <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stderr>' mode='w' encoding='UTF-8'>
In : sys.exit
Out: <function sys.exit>
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