5290589 发表于 2018-8-13 13:11:05

python学习笔记字典(四)

  字典是python中唯一的映射类型,采用键值对(key-value)的形式存储数据。python对key进行哈希函数运算,根据计算的结果决定value的存储地址,所以字典是无序存储的,且key必须是可哈希的。可哈希表示key必须是不可变类型,如:数字、字符串、元组。
  字典(dictionary)是除列表意外python之中最灵活的内置数据结构类型。列表是有序的对象结合,字典是无序的对象集合。两者之间的区别在于:字典当中的元素是通过键来存取的,而不是通过偏移存取。
  创建字典:
shop = {'iphone':2000,'book':'python'}  
shop2 = dict((('iphone7s','new'),))
  
print(shop)
  
print(shop2)
  输出:
  {'iphone': 2000, 'book': 'python'}
  {'iphone7s': 'new'}
  对应操作:
  1、增
shop = {}  
shop['iphone7s'] = 'new'
  
shop['price'] = 8000
  
print(shop)
  
shop1 = shop.setdefault('price',9000)#键存在,不改动,返回字典中相应的键对应的值
  
print(shop1)
  
shop2 = shop.setdefault('buy','JD')#键不存在,在字典中中增加新的键值对,并返回相应的值
  
print(shop2)
  
print(shop)
  输出:
  {'iphone7s': 'new', 'price': 8000}
  8000
  JD
  {'iphone7s': 'new', 'price': 8000, 'buy': 'JD'}
  2、查
shop = {'iphone7s': 'new', 'price': 8000, 'buy': 'JD'}  
print(shop.items())
  
print(shop.keys())
  
print(shop.values())
  
print(shop['buy'])
  
print(shop.get('buy',False))
  
print(shop.get('buys',False))
  
print('buy' in shop)
  
print(list(shop.values()))
  输出:
  dict_items([('iphone7s', 'new'), ('price', 8000), ('buy', 'JD')])
  dict_keys(['iphone7s', 'price', 'buy'])
  dict_values(['new', 8000, 'JD'])
  JD
  JD
  False
  True
  ['new', 8000, 'JD']
  3、改
shop = {'iphone7s': 'new', 'price': 8000, 'buy': 'JD'}  
shop['iphone7s'] = 'old'
  
shop1 = {'iphone5':'True','size':500}
  
shop.update(shop1)
  
print(shop)
  输出:
  {'iphone7s': 'old', 'price': 8000, 'buy': 'JD', 'iphone5': 'True', 'size': 500}
  4、删
shop = {'iphone7s': 'old', 'price': 8000, 'buy': 'JD', 'iphone5': 'True', 'size': 500}  
del shop['size']#删除字典中指定键值对
  
print(shop)
  
shop1 = shop.pop('iphone5')#删除字典中指定键值对,并返回该键值对的值
  
print(shop1)
  
print(shop)
  
shop2 = shop.popitem()#随机删除某组键值对,并以元组方式返回值
  
print(shop2)
  
print(shop)
  
shop.clear()# 清空字典
  
print(shop)
  输出:
  {'iphone7s': 'old', 'price': 8000, 'buy': 'JD', 'iphone5': 'True'}
  True
  {'iphone7s': 'old', 'price': 8000, 'buy': 'JD'}
  ('buy', 'JD')
  {'iphone7s': 'old', 'price': 8000}
  {}
  5、内置方法
  dict.fromkeys
dic6=dict.fromkeys(['host1','host2','host3'],'test')  
print(dic6)
  

  
dic6['host2']='abc'
  
print(dic6)
  

  
dic6=dict.fromkeys(['host1','host2','host3'],['test1','tets2'])
  
print(dic6)
  

  
dic6['host2']='test3'
  
print(dic6)
  输出:
  {'host1': 'test', 'host2': 'test', 'host3': 'test'}
  {'host1': 'test', 'host2': 'abc', 'host3': 'test'}
  {'host1': ['test1', 'tets2'], 'host2': ['test1', 'tets2'], 'host3': ['test1', 'tets2']}
  {'host1': ['test1', 'test3'], 'host2': ['test1', 'test3'], 'host3': ['test1', 'test3']}
dic={5:'555',2:'666',4:'444'}  
print(5 in dic)
  
print(sorted(dic.items()))
  输出:
  True
  [(2, '666'), (4, '444'), (5, '555')]
dic5={'name': 'joker', 'age': 18}  
for i in dic5:
  
    print(i,dic5)
  
for i,v in dic5.items():
  
    print(i,v)
  
for item in dic5.items():
  
    print(item)
  输出:
  name joker
  age 18
  name joker
  age 18
  ('name', 'joker')
  ('age', 18)
  补充:字典与字符串相互转换:
  字典转换为字符串
a = {'a' : 1, 'b' : 2, 'c' : 3}  
b = str(a)
  
print(type(b))
  <class 'str'>输出结果为:
  ---------------------------------------------------------------
  字符串转换为字典
a = "{'a' : 1, 'b' : 2, 'c' : 3}"  
b = eval(a)
  
print(type(b))
  <class 'dict'>输出结果为:
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