Oracle中RMAN的备份与恢复笔记
环境：CentOS6 + Oracle11gLinux下先确认输入rman时，执行是那个bash
find / -name rman (根目录下rman名称的文件)
su -oracle
echo $PATH
vi ./.bash_profile (调整顺序为 PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin)
确认为归档模式
sqlplus /nolog
conn /as sysdba
archive log list
alter system set log_archive_start=true scope=spfile; (设置自动归档)
nocatalog非目录模式下的备份(备份信息存放在控制文件)
$ rman nocatalog
RMAN> connect target /(或者RMAN> connect target sys/samis.com@poli)
RMAN> list backupset;
RMAN> backup database;(全备份)
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$ cd /u01/oracle/oradata/poli/
$ strings control01.ctl (查看控制文件内容)
RMAN> backup incremental level=0 database; (0级备份)
RMAN> backup incremental level 1 database; (1级备份)
RMAN> list backupset;
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备份归档日记archivelog
RMAN> backup database plus archivelog delete input;(备份了所有文件，参数/控制/数据/归档，并删除已备份的归档日记文件)
RMAN> show all;
RMAN> report schema; (查看表空间)
RMAN> backup tablespace tbs01
备份控制文件，两种方式:
RMAN> backup current controlfile (单独备份)
RMAN> backup database include current controlfile (备份数据库的时候包含控制文件)
备份集: backupset
镜像备份:image copies
RMAN> report schema; (查看表空间对应的编号)
RMAN> copy datafile 5 to '/u01/oracle/oradata/poli/tbs01.dbf';
RMAN> list copy; (查看镜像备份)
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单命令
RMAN> backup database;
批命令
RMAN> run {
allocate channel cha1 type disk;
backup format "/u01/rmanbak/full_%t"
tag full_backup_bak
database;
release channel cha1;
}
%t:备份集时间戳
%T:年月日格式(YYYYMMDD)
%d:数据库的名称
%D:位于该月中的天数(DD)
%M:位于该月中的月份(MM)
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自动备份:备份脚本+crontab
创建脚本
$ vi bakl0
RMAN> run {
allocate channel c1 type disk;
backup incremental level 0
format "/u01/rmanbak/inc0_%u_%T"
tag monday_inc0
database;
release channel cha1;
}
$ cp bakl0 bakl1
$ cp bakl0 bakl2
$ vi bakl1
$ rman target / msglog=/u01/rmanbak/bakl0.log cmdfile=/u01/rmanbak/script/bakl0 (可以先测试下)
$ crontab -e -u oracle
45 23 * * 0 rman target / msglog=/u01/rmanbak/bakl0.log cmdfile=/u01/rmanbak/script/bakl0 (从右到左，星期/月/日/时/分 23:45分)
45 23 * * 1 rman target / msglog=/u01/rmanbak/bakl2.log cmdfile=/u01/rmanbak/script/bakl2
45 23 * * 2 rman target / msglog=/u01/rmanbak/bakl2.log cmdfile=/u01/rmanbak/script/bakl2
45 23 * * 3 rman target / msglog=/u01/rmanbak/bakl1.log cmdfile=/u01/rmanbak/script/bakl1 (1级)
45 23 * * 4 rman target / msglog=/u01/rmanbak/bakl2.log cmdfile=/u01/rmanbak/script/bakl2 (2级)
45 23 * * 5 rman target / msglog=/u01/rmanbak/bakl2.log cmdfile=/u01/rmanbak/script/bakl2
45 23 * * 6 rman target / msglog=/u01/rmanbak/bakl2.log cmdfile=/u01/rmanbak/script/bakl2
$ service crond restart (编辑完重启这个服务)
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# connected to target database: POLI (DBID=3742422830)
RMAN> rman target / (记下dbid，以后恢复spfile或者controlfile时候需要)
RMAN> configure controlfile autobackup on; (自动备份controlfile)
RMAN> show all;
RMAN> list backup;
RMAN> delete backupset 24; (删除备份编号)
RMAN> backup format '/u01/oracle/rmanbak/full_%T_%u.bak' database plus archivelog;
以下为相关oracle文件丢失后的恢复(基于以上的备份)：
口令文件丢失($ORACLE_HOME/dbs目录(/u01/oracle/dbs))：
$ orapwd file=orapwpoli password=samis.com entries=5
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spfile丢失(/u01/oracle/dbs)，改名模拟丢失：
$ mv spfilepoli sppoli
$ rman target /
RMAN> shutdown immediate;
RMAN> startup nomount;
RMAN> set dbid 3742422830;
RMAN> restore spfile from autobackup;
(如果不行，请手动指定路径
RMAN> restore spfile from '/u01/flash_recovery_area/POLI/autobackup/2014_01_03/o1_mf_s_835894765_9ddyzfkj_.bkp')
RMAN> shutdown immediate;
RMAN> startup; (如果启动失败，请在nomount下指定dbid)
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controlfile控制文件丢失(/u01/oradata/poli/):
$ ls -l
$ rm *.ctl
$ rman target /
$ sqlplus /nolog;
SQL> conn /as sysdba;
SQL> shutdown abort;
$ rman target /;
RMAN> startup nomount;
RMAN> restore controlfile from autobackup;
RMAN> quit
$ ls -l
$ rman target /;
RMAN>> RMAN> recover database;
RMAN>>
#> ----------------------------------------------------------------
redolog file 丢失(/u01/oradata/poli/):
linux下先删除文件，模拟丢失 (注意在sqlplus下进行恢复)
$ rm *.log
$ sqlplus /nolog;
SQL> conn /as sysdba;
SQL> shutdown immediate;
SQL> startup mount;
SQL> recover database until cancel;
SQL>> ----------------------------------------------------------------
datafile 丢失(/u01/oradata/poli/与表空间恢复相似):
$ rman target /
RMAN> report schema;
RMAN> quit;
$ rm tbs01.dbf
$ rman target /
RMAN> report schema;
RMAN> sql "alter database datafile 5 offline";
RMAN> restore datafile 5;
RMAN> recover datafile 5;
RMAN> sql "alter database datafile 5 online";
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表空间 丢失(/u01/oradata/poli/与表空间恢复相似):
$ sqlplus /nolog
$ conn /as sysdba
SQL> select owner,table_name from all_tables where tablespace_name='TBS1';
SQL> select * from user1.table1;
SQL> quit
$ rm tbs01.dbf
$ rman target /
RMAN> sql "alter tablespace tbs1 offline immediate"; (immediate为强制脱机)
RMAN> restore tablespace tbs1;
RMAN> recover tablespace tbs1;
RMAN> sql "alter tablespace tbs1 online";
RMAN> quit
$ ls
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非catalog方式完全恢复(丢失controlfile/datafile/redolog)，综合以上单个恢复
rm *
ls
rman target /
sqlplus /nolog
SQL> conn /as sysdba;
SQL> shutdown abort;
SQL> quit
rman target /
RMAN> startup nomount;
RMAN> restore controlfile from autobackup;
RMAN>> RMAN> restore database;
RMAN> recover database; (有问题)
RMAN> quit
ls
sqlplus /nolog
SQL> conn /as sysdba
SQL> recover database until cancel;(有问题，redolog丢失，默认不让recover)
sqlplus /nolog
SQL> conn /as sysdba
SQL> create pfile from spfile
SQL> quit
vi /u01/oracle/dbs/initpoli.ora
(没有redo log的日记恢复，在initpoli.ora最好添加一行_allow_resetlog_corruption='TRUE')
sqlplus /nolog
SQL> conn /as sysdba
SQL> shutdown immediate;
SQL> startup pfile=/u01/oracle/dbs/initpoli.ora mount;
SQL>> SQL> quit
ls
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基于时间点的恢复
run {
set until time "to_date('13/12/30 15:00:00','mm/dd/yy hh24:mi:ss')"
restore database;
recover database;
alter database open resetlogs;
}
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基于SCN的恢复
RMAN> list backup;(看SCN,643309)
RMAN> shutdown immediate;
RMAN> startup mount;
RMAN> restore database until scn 643309;
RMAN> recover database until scn 643309;
RMAN>> ----------------------------------------------------------------
基于日记序列的恢复
SQL> select * from v$log; (查看SEQUENCE是多少，current当前在使用的)
RMAN> startup mount;
RMAN> restore database until SEQUENCE 100 thread 1;
RMAN> recover database until SEQUENCE 100 thread 1;
RMAN>> ----------------------------------------------------------------
RMAN 几条常用命令：
RMAN> report shcema; (列出当前数据库信息)
RMAN> list backup; (列出当前已备份信息)
RMAN> crosscheck database; (检查当前备份信息与系统文件是否匹配)
RMAN> delete backupset 11; (删除备份)
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catalog mode目录模式，把备份信息放在catalog下(正确的做法)
create tablespace rman_ts datafile '/u01/oracle/poli/rmantbs.dbf'>
create user rman> grant recovery_catalog_owner,connect to rman; (授权)
# 查看下相关权限
# select * from dba_sys_privs where grantee='CONNECT';
# select * from dba_sys_privs where grantee='RESOURCE';
# select * from dba_sys_privs where grantee='RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER';
RMAN> quit;
rman catalog rman/rman
RMAN> create catalog tablespace rmantbs; (创建恢复目录)
RMAN> register database;
RMAN> connect target / (连接目标数据)
rman target / catalog rman/rman (同时连接目标和恢复目录)
RMAN> backup format '/u01/oracle/bak/full_%T_%t.bak' database; (全备份，备份信息存放在catalog中，而不是放在控制文件里)
RMAN> list backup;
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