d/dx (y) is a vector whose (i) element is dy/dx(i)
d/dx (yT) is a matrix whose (i,j) element is dy(j)/dx(i)
d/dx (Y) is a matrix whose (i,j) element is dy(i,j)/dx
d/dX (y) is a matrix whose (i,j) element is dy/dx(i,j)
Note that the Hermitian transpose is not used because complex conjugates are not analytic.
In the expressions below matrices and vectors A, B, C do not depend on X. Derivatives of Linear Products
d/dx (AYB) =A * d/dx (Y) * B
d/dx (Ay) =A * d/dx (y)
d/dx(xTA) =A
d/dx(xT) =I
d/dx(xTa) = d/dx(aTx) = a
d/dX(aTXb) = abT
d/dX(aTXa) = d/dX(aTXTa) = aaT
d/dX(aTXTb) = baT
d/dx (YZ) =Y * d/dx (Z) + d/dx (Y)* Z
Derivatives of Quadratic Products
d/dx (Ax+b)TC(Dx+e) = ATC(Dx+e) + DTCT(Ax+b)
d/dx (xTCx) = (C+CT)x
[C: symmetric]: d/dx (xTCx) = 2Cx
d/dx (xTx) = 2x
d/dx (Ax+b)T (Dx+e) = AT(Dx+e) + DT(Ax+b)
d/dx (Ax+b)T (Ax+b) = 2AT(Ax+b)
[C: symmetric]: d/dx (Ax+b)TC(Ax+b) = 2ATC(Ax+b)
d/dX(aTXTXb) = X(abT+ baT)
d/dX(aTXTXa) = 2XaaT
d/dX(aTXTCXb) = CTXabT+ CXbaT
d/dX(aTXTCXa) = (C + CT)XaaT
[C:Symmetric] d/dX(aTXTCXa) = 2CXaaT
d/dX((Xa+b)TC(Xa+b)) = (C+CT)(Xa+b)aT
Derivatives of Cubic Products
d/dx(xTAxxT) = (A+AT)xxT+xTAxI
Derivatives of Inverses
d/dx (Y-1) = -Y-1d/dx (Y)Y-1
Derivative of Trace
Note: matrix dimensions must result in an n*n argument for tr().
d/dX(tr(X)) = I
d/dX(tr(Xk)) =k(Xk-1)T
d/dX(tr(AXk)) =SUMr=0:k-1(XrAXk-r-1)T
d/dX(tr(AX-1B)) = -(X-1BAX-1)T
d/dX(tr(AX-1)) =d/dX(tr(X-1A)) = -X-TATX-T
d/dX(tr(ATXBT)) = d/dX(tr(BXTA)) = AB
d/dX(tr(XAT)) = d/dX(tr(ATX)) =d/dX(tr(XTA)) = d/dX(tr(AXT)) = A
Jacobian
If y is a function of x, then dyT/dx is the Jacobian matrix of y with respect to x.
Its determinant, |dyT/dx|, is the Jacobian of y with respect to x and represents the ratio of the hyper-volumes dy and dx. The Jacobian occurs when changing variables in an integration: Integral(f(y)dy)=Integral(f(y(x)) |dyT/dx| dx). Hessian matrix
If f is a function of x then the symmetric matrix d2f/dx2 = d/dxT(df/dx) is the Hessian matrix of f(x). A value of x for which df/dx = 0 corresponds to a minimum, maximum or saddle point according to whether the Hessian is positive definite, negative definite or indefinite.