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pga_aggregate_target 通常缩写为P_A_T,该参数同时限制全局pga分配和私有工作区内存分配 在oracle9i以及10gr1中,单个sql操作内存使用存在如下限制:
对于串行操作,单个sql操作能够使用的pga内存按照一下原则分配:
MIN(5%*PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET,100MB) 此处的5%*PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET实际上是由_smm_nax_size决定的,该参数限制自动工作区模式下最大的工作区使用
对于并行操作:
30%PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET/DOP(DOP=DEGREE IF PARALLELISM,并行度)
在oracle10gr2以及oracle11g中,内存使用存在如下限制:
对于串行操作,能够使用的pga内存按照以下原则分配:
如果P_A_T<500MB,则_smm_max_size=20%P_A_T 如果P_A_T在500MB和1000MB之间,_smm_max_size=100MB 如果P_A_T介于1001MB和2560MB之间,_smm_max_size=10%*P_A_T 如果P_A_T>2560MB则_smm_max_size=262060MB
对于并行操作,能够使用的pga内存按照以下原则分配:
50%PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET/DOP (DOP=Degree of parallelism,并行度) 但是注意,当dop<5时,_smm_max_size限制生效,并行度超过5时另外一个限制并行的参数_smm_px_max_size才会生效
从oralce10g开始 pga算法受一个新增的隐含参数_newsort_abled影响,如果将该参数设置为false,则数据库会使用之前oracle9i中的算法规则: sys@ORCL>[url=]@gethidpar.sql[/url] 输入 name 的值: newsort_enabled 原值 4: and x.ksppinm like'%&name%' 新值 4: and x.ksppinm like'%newsort_enabled%'
KSPPINM KSPPSTVL
_newsort_enabled TRUE
上述@gethidpar.sql内容:
select x.ksppinm,y.ksppstvl,x.ksppdesc from x$ksppi x,x$ksppcv y wherex.indx=y.indx and y.inst_id=userenv('Instance') and x.inst_id=userenv('Instance') and x.ksppinm like '%&name%';
要理解pga的自动调整,还需要区分可调整内存(TUNABLE MEMORY SIZE) 与不可调整内存(UNTUNABLE MEMORY SIZE),可调整内存是由sql工作区使用的,其余部分是不可调整内存 Oracle在评估执行计划时会更具PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET参数评估在sort,HASH_JOIN或Bitmap操作时能够使用的最大或最小内存,从而选择最优的执行计划
对于一个单纯的数据库服务器,通常我们需要保存20%的物理内存给操作系统使用,剩余80%可以分配给oracle使用,而oracle的内存由pga和sga构成,pga可以占用oracle消耗内存的20%(OLTP系统)至50%(DSS系统)
通过v$process 可以查询pga的相关使用情况:
V$PROCESS displays information about the currently active processes. Column Datatype Description
ADDR RAW(4 | 8) Address of the process state object
PID NUMBER Oracle process identifier
SPID VARCHAR2(24) Operating system process identifier
PNAME VARCHAR2(5) Name of this process
USERNAME VARCHAR2(15) Operating system process username Note: Any two-task user coming across the network has "-T" appended to the username.
SERIAL# NUMBER Process serial number
TERMINAL VARCHAR2(30) Operating system terminal identifier
PROGRAM VARCHAR2(48) Program in progress
TRACEID VARCHAR2(255) Trace file identifier
TRACEFILE VARCHAR2(513) Trace file name of the process
BACKGROUND VARCHAR2(1) 1 for a background process; NULL for a normal process
LATCHWAIT VARCHAR2(8) Address of the latch the process is waiting for; NULL if none
LATCHSPIN VARCHAR2(8) This column is obsolete
PGA_USED_MEM NUMBER PGA memory currently used by the process
PGA_ALLOC_MEM NUMBER PGA memory currently allocated by the process (including free PGA memory not yet released to the operating system by the server process)
PGA_FREEABLE_MEM NUMBER Allocated PGA memory which can be freed
PGA_MAX_MEM NUMBER Maximum PGA memory ever allocated by the process
sys@ORCL>select pid,spid,pname,usernamefrom v$process;
PID SPID PNAMEUSERNAME ---------- ------------------------ -------------------- 1 2 7780 PMON SYSTEM 3 6156 VKTM SYSTEM 4 7864 GEN0 SYSTEM 5 3604 DIAG SYSTEM 6 7916 DBRM SYSTEM 7 7940 PSP0 SYSTEM 8 7216 DIA0 SYSTEM 9 7264 MMAN SYSTEM 10 7324 DBW0 SYSTEM 11 8020 LGWR SYSTEM 12 7972 CKPT SYSTEM 13 7908 SMON SYSTEM 14 6864 RECO SYSTEM 15 1604 MMON SYSTEM 16 1440 MMNL SYSTEM 17 8176 D000 SYSTEM 18 6324 S000 SYSTEM 19 3976 SMCO SYSTEM 20 4560 W000 SYSTEM 23 6332 ARC0 SYSTEM 24 4732 ARC1 SYSTEM 25 1436 ARC2 SYSTEM 26 6732 ARC3 SYSTEM 27 7796 QMNC SYSTEM 28 8660 SYSTEM 31 6424 Q000 SYSTEM 32 892 Q001 SYSTEM 35 7976 CJQ0 SYSTEM
选择spid为8660为例:
sys@ORCL>select pid,spid,username,pga_used_mem,pga_alloc_mem,pga_freeable_mem,pga_max_mem fromv$process where spid=8660;
PID SPID USERNAME PGA_USED_MEMPGA_ALLOC_MEM PGA_FREEABLE_MEM PGA_MAX_MEM ---------- --------------------------------------- ------------ ------------- ---------------- ----------- 28 8660 SYSTEM 1161714 1786898 524288 1786898
通过v$process_memory视图可以进一步知道pga内存消耗在什么地方: V$PROCESS_MEMORY displaysdynamic PGA memory usage by named component categories for each process. Column Datatype Description
PID NUMBER Oracle process identifier
SERIAL# NUMBER Oracle process serial number
CATEGORY VARCHAR2(15) Category name. Categories include "SQL", "PL/SQL", "OLAP" and "JAVA". Special categories are "Freeable" and "Other". Freeable memory has been allocated to the process by the operating system, but has not been allocated to a category. "Other" memory has been allocated to a category, but not to one of the named categories.
ALLOCATED NUMBER Bytes of PGA memory allocated by the process for the category. For the "Freeable" category, it is the amount of free PGA memory eligible to be released to the operating system.
USED NUMBER Bytes of PGA memory used by the process for the category. For "Freeable", the value is zero. For "Other", the value is NULL for performance reasons.
MAX_ALLOCATED NUMBER Maximum bytes of PGA memory ever allocated by the process for the category.
sys@ORCL>selectp.program,p.spid,pm.category,pm.allocated,pm.allocated,pm.used,pm.max_allocatedfrom v$process p,v$process_memory pm where p.pid=pm.pid and p.spid=8660;
PROGRAM SPID CATEGORY ALLOCATED ALLOCATED USED MAX_ALLOCATED ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------- ---------- ---------- ----------------------- ORACLE.EXE (SHAD) 8660 SQL 15416 15416 11888 418096 ORACLE.EXE (SHAD) 8660 PL/SQL 28296 28296 20136 29440 ORACLE.EXE (SHAD) 8660 Freeable 327680 327680 0 ORACLE.EXE (SHAD) 8660 Other 1415506 1415506 1415506
还可以通过pid得到当前执行的sql语句:
SELECT /*+ ORDERED */ sql_text FROM v$sqltext a WHERE (a.hash_value, a.address) IN ( SELECT DECODE (sql_hash_value, 0, prev_hash_value, sql_hash_value ), DECODE (sql_hash_value, 0,prev_sql_addr, sql_address) FROM v$session b WHERE b.paddr = (SELECT addr FROM v$processc WHERE c.spid =TO_NUMBER ('&pid', 'xxxx'))) ORDER BY piece ASC
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